They want to demolish Chiquola Mill.

[blindpig]

An ordinance passed this past summer in the town sets some rules for what must happen at the site if current structures on it are to be demolished.

Blair Mills currently still owns the Chiquola Mill, said Rusty Burns, economic development director for Honea Path. The company closed operations at the site earlier this year.

Blair Mills President Billy Rice said a potential buyer is in discussions with town officials to ensure that proposed sale terms would meet the requirements of the town law.

Three serious offers have been made to purchase the mill, Mr. Burns said.

Chiquola Mill was organized in April 1902 and operation began in 1903, according to the town of Honea Path Web site. The mill is four stories high, and ownership has changed several times over the years.

Mayor Earl Lollis Meyers said many town leaders and citizens would like to see the mill preserved. However, the mayor said it is not certain that would be possible financially for a buyer. Energy costs associated with operating a business in the mill are large, the mayor and Mr. Burns said.

The town can not afford to maintain the site, the mayor said.

"We’d love to see (a business) go back in it," he said.

Town officials said they are working toward that goal.

The ordinance governing demolition of structures of at least a certain square footage indicates that a bond must be posted to ensure that any such site is cleaned in compliance with applicable Environmental Protection Agency and South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control regulations, Mr. Burns said.

Town officials said in terms of Chiquola Mill, they would not want it to be left in a semi-demolished state. South Carolina is littered with now-unused mill sites that are purchased, stripped of valuable parts that can be resold and then left semi-demolished, Mr. Burns said.

"It would be very unfair (to Honea Path residents) for such a beautiful mill for someone to come in and partially tear it down and strip it down," Town Councilwoman Fredda Gilmer said.

For the site to become a vacant lot or an eyesore would not benefit the community and would place a burden on taxpayers, officials said.

Honea Path officials have explored some possibilities related to building apartments at the Chiquola Mill site, but those discussions did not lead to any agreements, Mayor Meyers said.

"Our (population) growth just is not there right now," he said.

On Sept. 6, 1934, local police fired on striking workers at Chiquola Mill, killing seven and wounding 33.

The massacre was the site of the most violent confrontation in a series of seven nationwide strikes by Southern cotton mill workers over two weeks. The strike begun as a picket by union-organized mill workers over conditions and mill control over their personal lives.

"I really hate to see the mill come down," Ms. Gilmer said.

At one time, nearly all Honea Path residents worked at the mill, she said.

http://www.independentmail.com/news/...la-mill-site/#

[blindpig]

We may live in an age of the most sophisticated information technology ever available to man, but the suppression of historical truth is greater than ever. Corporations re-define and sugarcoat the past. Politicians twist history as quick as one can say “re-election.” News reporting has been cut to the bone, now focusing more on mindless trivia rather than revealing truthful information. It's a dark era indeed for the seekers of honest information.

When I was growing up, an old shotgun stood in the corner of a closet in my home. I was told it belonged to my grandfather and had quite a history associated with it. I knew only that it involved some vague ancient dispute involving a labor union. The details of that dispute were never discussed in my family.

The reasons were part embarrassment by some family members. Plus some very powerful corporate interests in my home state of South Carolina tried to keep a lid on the real story for over 60 years.

That shotgun connected directly to the efforts of Southern cotton mill workers to organize and the attempts of mill owners to keep unions out of their textile businesses at any price. The price was cold blooded murder and a succession of acts so cruel that it's hard to believe today they actually happened.

Of personal interest to me was the fact that my own grandfather -- a textile mill superintendent in the tiny town of Honea Path, South Carolina -- apparently gave the order to a handful of his favored workers to open gunfire on a group of their co-workers at a rally supporting the union. Seven were killed and 17 others wounded on this “Bloody Thursday” morning on September 6, 1934. It was, pure and simply, an act of murder to stop a union. This dark secret was never taught in history classes at school. (And my own mother was the history teacher!)

As a Southern mill town in 1934, Honea Path was controlled by the management of the textile mill. As town mayor and mill superintendent, my grandfather had almost dictatorial power over the workers' lives. He controlled not only the workplace, but the housing (built and owned by the mill), merchants (the mill owned and ran the “company store”), and the churches (also built and owned by the mill.) Should his workers get out of line in any way, he could fire them on the spot and evict them from their homes. As the main employer in town, he held some big sticks. One of those sticks was the rusting shotgun, still resting to this day in the closet in my childhood home.

When workers were given the legal right to organize in the 1930s, the mill owners in the South used every kind of fear tactic imaginable to prevent the formation of labor unions. The organizing efforts ended with the killings in Honea Path and the subsequent black listing and intimidation of those who had tendencies to assert their rights.

Because of the involvement of my grandfather, I have a deep personal interest in trying to understand a culture in which small town neighbors, whose kids played and went to school together, could wake up one morning and fire weapons at each other over the prospects of a labor union. I know that interest is shared by many others who have been denied the story of “Bloody Thursday.”

The genie is now out of the bottle. And nobody can put it back in. If you’re interested in this story, I’ve written about it in Whitewash: A Southern Journal through Music, Mayhem & Murder. You can order it here.

Lois McClain, a young Chiquola Mill spinning room worker, shown just after she was shot on Sept. 6, 1934. This photo, by an unknown photographer, was identified by McClain's daughter, Jessie Mae Holder. The bullet from McClain's bleeding left hand was never removed and was still intact when she died at age 91 in 1993.

Eventually mother of five children, "Granny Lois" McClain, as she was called, worked in the mill until her mid 70s, while also being a volunteer midwife, seamstress, and cook for local townspeople nearly all of her life.

Some years after the shooting, Tom Stallcup, another Chiquola millworker, revealed that he had shot her and asked for her forgiveness, which she granted. Stallcup later became Sunday School teacher for McClain's daughter at the Church of God in Honea Path. His son, Virgil Stallcup, went on play shortstop for the Boston Red Socks and the Cincinnati Reds.

Never in her life did McClain, or her husband, Cowan, also a millworker, discuss the shooting or the mill violence with any of their children. For that reason, the circumstances of McClain's shooting or her role in the labor dispute remain unknown even to her own family.

http://www.beachamjournal.com/journa.../04/index.html

[blindpig]

(From wiki)


[edit] The background to the strike
The textile industry, once concentrated in New England with outposts in New Jersey and Philadelphia, had started moving South in the 1880s. By 1933 Southern mills produced more than seventy percent of cotton and woolen textiles in more modern mills, drawing on the pool of dispossessed farmers and laborers willing to work for roughly forty percent less than their Northern counterparts. As was the rest of economic life, the textile industry was strictly segregated and drew only from white workers in the Piedmont. Before 1965, after passage of the Civil Rights Act broke the color line in hiring, less than 2% of textile workers were African American. [1]

Throughout the 1920s, however, the mills faced an intractable problem of overproduction, as the wartime boom for cotton goods ended, while foreign competition cut into their markets. Although manufacturers tried to reduce the oversupply by forming industry associations to regulate competition, their favored solution to the crisis was to squeeze more work out of their employees through what workers called the "stretch-out": speeding up production by increasing the number of looms assigned to each factory hand, limiting break times, paying workers by piece rates, and increasing the number of supervisors to keep workers from slowing down, talking or leaving work.

The stretch-out sparked hundreds of strikes throughout the Southeast: by one count, there were more than eighty strikes in South Carolina in 1929 alone. While most of them were short-lived, these strikes were almost all spontaneous walkouts, without any union – or other – leadership.

That year also saw the massive strikes that began in Gastonia, North Carolina, and Elizabethton, Tennessee, which were violently suppressed by local police and vigilantes. Here again, workers were often more impetuous than their unions: to take one striking example, the workers at the Loray Mill in Gastonia walked out despite the efforts of the communist-led National Textile Workers Union, founded during the Communist Party's short-lived attempt to create revolutionary unions, to hold them back.

In the meantime, the Great Depression made matters worse. The economic collapse drove a number of New England and Mid-Atlantic manufacturers into bankruptcy, while those employers who survived laid off workers and increased the amount and pace of work for their employees even further. Textile workers across the region, from worsted workers in Lawrence, Massachusetts and silk weavers in Paterson, New Jersey, to cotton millhands in Greenville, South Carolina, engaged in hundreds of isolated strikes, even though there were thousands of unemployed workers ready to take their places.

[edit] Rising hopes under the New Deal
The election of Franklin Delano Roosevelt and the passage of the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) appeared to change things. The NIRA, which Roosevelt signed in June 1933, called for cooperation among business, labor and government and established the National Recovery Administration (NRA). It was to oversee the creation of codes of conduct for particular industries that would reduce overproduction, raise wages, control hours of work, guarantee the rights of workers to form unions, and stimulate an economic recovery.

The NIRA rarely, if ever, lived up to its promises: employers usually dominated the panels that created these codes, which often offered far less than what workers and their unions demanded, and the NIRA and the codes themselves were toothless, since the Act did not provide any effective means to enforce the standards.

Even so, the promise of the right to join a union had an electrifying effect on textile workers: the United Textile Workers, which had no more than 15,000 members in February, 1933, grew to 250,000 members by June, 1934, of whom roughly half were cotton mill workers. Textile workers also put tremendous faith in the NIRA to bring an end to the stretch-out, or at least temper its worst features. As one union organizer said, textile workers in the South saw the NIRA as something that "God has sent to them."

The NIRA quickly promulgated a code for the cotton industry regulating workers' hours and establishing a minimum wage; it also established a committee to study the problem of workloads. In the meantime, however, the employers responded to the new minimum wages by increasing the pace of work. When the labor board set a forty-hour work week, mill owners required the same amount of work in those forty hours as they had in the previous fifty- to sixty-hour week.

By August 1934, workers had filed nearly 4,000 complaints to the labor board protesting "code chiseling" by their employers ; the board found in favor of only one worker. Union supporters often lost their jobs and found themselves blacklisted throughout the industry. Workers, both north and south, wrote thousands of letters to the White House, the Department of Labor, the NRA and Eleanor Roosevelt asking for them to intervene.

In what proved to be a dry run of the larger strike to follow, cotton mill workers in South Carolina's Horse Creek Valley struck to force employers to live up to the code, only to face special deputies, highway patrolmen and a machine-gun unit of the National Guard sent to keep the mills open. When the NIRA's special board came to Horse Creek, it did not respond to the workers' complaints, but urged them to return to work. When they attempted to do so, the mill owners not only refused to allow the workers back, but evicted them from company housing. The NIRA took no action to stop the employers from violating the codes.

[edit] First steps toward a national strike
When the millowners reduced cotton mill employees' hours still further – with the blessing of the NRA – without raising their hourly wage rates in May, 1934, the UTW threatened a national strike. This talk was largely bluster; the union had made no preparations for a strike that size. When the NRA promised to give the UTW a seat on the board, balanced by the addition of another industry representative, the UTW canceled the planned strike.

While the UTW called off its plans for a strike, local leaders thought differently. The UTW locals in the northern part of Alabama launched a strike that began on July 18 in Huntsville, then spread to Florence, Anniston, Gadsden, and Birmingham. While the strike was popular, it was also ineffective: many employers welcomed it as a means of cutting their expenses, since they had warehouses full of unsold goods.

The UTW called a special convention in New York City on Monday, August 13, 1934 to address the crisis. The UTW drew up a list of demands for the industry as a whole: a thirty hour week, minimum wages ranging from $13.00 to $30.00 a week, elimination of the stretch-out, union recognition, and reinstatement of workers fired for their union activities. The delegates, especially those from the southern states, voted overwhelmingly to strike the cotton mills on September 1, 1934 if these demands were not met. They planned to bring out the woolen, silk and rayon workers at a date to be set later.

Mill owners had seen the strike threat as more empty talk from the union. The White House took a largely "hands off" attitude, leaving it to the first National Labor Relations Board to set up a meeting of the parties. The employers refused to meet with the union.

[edit] The strike begins
The strike swept through Southern cotton mills, outpacing the union organizers and employing "flying squadrons" which traveled by truck and on foot from mill to mill, calling the workers out. In Gastonia, where authorities had violently suppressed a strike led by the National Textile Workers Union in 1929, an estimated 5,000 people marched in the September 3rd Labor Day parade. The next day union organizers estimated that 20,000 out of the 25,000 textile workers in the county were out on strike.

It is not clear whether the UTW expected to have this much success so easily and so quickly in the South; it had only shallow roots and few regular organizers in that region. But Southern textile workers had a good deal of experience in confronting management, both by impromptu strikes and other means, and a deep well of bitterness against their employers.

Some workers converted their experience into a nearly messianic belief in the power of unionism to take them out of bondage. One labor official made the connection in Biblical terms: "The first strike on record was the strike in which Moses led the children of Israel out of Egypt. They too struck against intolerable conditions".[citation needed]

Textile workers in the North went out on strike in great numbers as well, although they were spread more evenly across different industries and had more diverse grievances than the Southern cotton mill workers. Within a week, almost 400,000 textile workers nationwide had left their jobs and the textile industry was shut down.

[edit] The authorities respond
The mill owners were initially taken by surprise by the scope of the strike. They immediately took the position that these flying squadrons were, in fact, coercing their employees to go out on strike.

Governor Blackwood of South Carolina took up this theme, announcing that he would deputize the state's "mayors, sheriffs, peace officers and every good citizen" to maintain order, then called out the National Guard with orders to shoot to kill any picketers who tried to enter the mills. Governor Ehringhaus of North Carolina followed suit on September 5.

Millowners persuaded local authorities throughout the Piedmont to augment their forces by swearing in special deputies, often their own employees or local residents opposed to the strike; in other cases they simply hired private guards to police the areas around the plant. Violence between guards and picketers broke out almost immediately: in Trion, Georgia, a picketer and mill guard died in a shootout and guards killed two picketers in Augusta, Georgia on September 2. Six picketers were shot to death and more than twenty other picketers wounded, most shot in the back as they were fleeing the picketline, in Honea Path, South Carolina on September 6.

Authorities ordered out the National Guard elsewhere in the second week of the strike: Governor Green sent the Guard to Saylesville, Rhode Island after several thousand strikers and sympathizers trapped several hundred strikebreakers in a factory; he subsequently declared martial law in the area on September 11, after picketers armed with rocks, flowerpots and broken headstones from a nearby cemetery battled troops armed with machine guns. A picketer was shot to death the following day in Woonsocket, Rhode Island when guardsmen fired into the crowd attempting to storm the Woonsocket Rayon Plant. Governor Green then asked the federal government to send federal troops; the Roosevelt administration ignored the request.

Maine deployed the Guard in a more tactical manner, sending them to Augusta and Lewiston to discourage wavering employees from joining the strike. That tactic did not work, however, everywhere: workers at Pepperell Mills' plant in Biddeford and York Manufacturing's plant in Saco went out even though the guard was sent to prevent the arrival of flying squadrons rumored to be coming from New Bedford, Massachusetts.

Governor Wilbur Cross of Connecticut also mobilized the Guard, but did not declare martial law. Instead the state labor commissioner met with picketers during the second week of the strike and brought about a reduction in tensions by urging strikers to respect the law and not hurl epithets at strikebreakers.

Things were different in Georgia, where Governor Eugene Talmadge declared martial law in the third week of the strike and directed the National Guard to arrest all picketers throughout the state, holding them in a former World War I prisoner of war camp for trial by a military tribunal. While the state only interned a hundred or so picketers, the show of force effectively ended picketing throughout most of the state.

[edit] End of the strike
The strike was, in fact, already falling apart, particularly in the South, where local government refused to provide any relief assistance to strikers and there were few sympathetic churches or unions to provide support. Although the union had pledged before the walkout began to feed strikers, it was wholly unable to fulfill this promise. While roughly half of the textile workers in North and South Carolina and roughly three fourths in Georgia were on strike at this point, with similar figures in Massachusetts and Rhode Island, workers had started to drift back to work and struck plants were reopening, if with only skeleton crews.

At that point the mediation board that Roosevelt had appointed in the first week of the strike issued its report. As was typical of federal commissions of this era, the board temporized, urging further studies of the economic plight of the employers and the effects of the stretch-out on their employees. It urged the President to create a new Textile Labor Relations Board to hear workers' complaints and urged employers not to discriminate against strikers.

President Roosevelt announced his support for the report, then urged employees to return to work and the manufacturers to accept the commission's recommendations. The UTW took the opportunity to declare victory and held a number of parades to celebrate the end of the strike.

In fact, the strike was a total defeat for the union, particularly in the South. The union had not forced the mill owners to recognize it or obtained any of its economic demands. The employers refused, moreover, to reinstate strikers throughout the South, while the Cotton Textile National Industrial Relations Board never ceded any authority to any other board. Thousands of strikers never returned to work in the mills.

[edit] Aftermath
The strike represented the high point for union hopes of organizing textile workers in the South for the next several decades. When the CIO formed the Textile Workers Organizing Committee three years later, the TWOC focused on northern manufacturers outside the cotton industry. TWOC's successor, the Textile Workers Union of America, faced similar problems organizing in the South; the CIO's postwar organizing drive in the South fell apart chiefly because of its inability to organize textile workers there.

The union might have escaped this disaster if it had characterized the strike as a first step, rather than attempting to pass it off as a victory. That, however, would have required that the union also devote the resources necessary to follow up with renewed, systematic organizing efforts in the immediate aftermath of the strike, instead of concerning itself with the futile effort to win reinstatement for discharged strikers through the Textile Labor Board. The memory of blacklisting and defeat soured many Southern textile workers on unions for decades.

The 1934 defeat was less cataclysmic in the North, in that the strike was in fact, a number of separate events, commencing at different times in separate industries and in furtherance of local goals. Northern employers were not as ruthless in blacklisting workers and the TWOC made some headway in organizing these plants in the years that followed. Those victories were impermanent, however, as much of northern industry either went South or went bankrupt in the years that followed.

Anti-union sentiment in the South kept wages low for decades, but also acted as a catalyst for development later when industries moved there from the North and Midwest because of lower costs. Employers resisted integrating textile mills; when they were forced to do so by the Civil Rights Act of 1964, researchers found that African Americans were accepted overall by other employees, although they continued to face discrimination in job training and advancement. By the time this occurred, many jobs in the textile industry were already moving overseas, a trend that accelerated in the 1980s.[2]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_workers_strike_(1934)

[curt_b]

"Whitewash" looks interesting.

[blindpig]

To be honest I hadn't heard of it, but I have now and will track it down, he's a local, they should have it at the library.

Or mebbe not, the silence on those affairs is deafening. Hardly anybody you talk to around here has a clue, but they know unions are bad. PBS ran a special a few years back about the massacre in Lockhart, just south of here, SCETV blacked it out.

When I first moved down here I knew nothing of labor history, I couldn't understand the contempt unions were held in by much of the working class. Mill hands would tell me, " I can talk to the boss, I don't need no union taking my money." And so on.

I guess the moral of the story is that you need solid organization, on the ground depth. Looks like the commies were right. It is a sobering lesson, that ill-timed, ill-prepared actions can shatter you to smithereens. There are no doubt similar lessons from pre-revolutionary Russia.